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Abstract Introduction In Brazil, though Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is available to all, the benefits may not be experienced uniformly. We projected Life Expectancy (LE) for People Living with HIV (PLHIV) in care as currently observed and estimated the impact of guideline-concordant care. Methods Using a microsimulation model, we projected LE for a cohort of PLHIV and for four population groups: cisgender Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), cisgender Men who have Sex with Women (MSW), Cisgender Women (CGW), and Transgender Women (TGW). Cohort data from Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI/Fiocruz) informed model parameters. We modeled five scenarios: 1) Current care: ART initiation, adherence, and retention in care as currently observed, 2) Guideline-concordant care: immediate ART initiation, full adherence to treatment, and consistent retention in care, 3) Immediate ART initiation with observed adherence to treatment and retention in care, 4) Full adherence to treatment with observed timing of ART initiation and retention in care, and 5) Consistent retention in care with observed timing of ART initiation and adherence. Results With current care, LE from age 15 would be 45.9, 44.4, 54.2, and 42.3 years, for MSM, MSW, CGW, and TGW. With guideline-concordant care, LE would be 54.2, 54.4, 63.1, and 53.2 years, for MSM, MSW, CGW and TGW, with TGW experiencing the greatest potential increase in LE (10.9 years). When investigating the components of care separately, MSW and CGW would gain most LE with immediate ART initiation, whereas for MSM and TGW consistent retention in care would be most impactful. Conclusions In settings like INI/Fiocruz, MSW and CGW would benefit most from interventions focused on earlier diagnosis and linkage to care, whereas TGW and MSM would benefit from interventions to sustain engagement in care. Assessment of the HIV care continuum for specific populations should inform care priorities.
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El envejecimiento poblacional constituye uno de los logros y uno de los retos más importantes del desarrollo de las sociedades. La principal causa del envejecimiento es el descenso de la fecundidad de las mujeres, y en menor proporción la emigración externa, sobre todo de jóvenes. En Cuba, ya mueren más que los que nacen, debido fundamentalmente a los bajos niveles de reemplazo en la fecundidad, situación agravada en los años de la pandemia de COVID-19. Entre las consecuencias negativas del envejecimiento poblacional, se identifican cuatro principales: sanitarias, económicas, socioculturales y legales; entre las positivas, hay algunos reportes de cohortes de personas que llegan a edades avanzadas en mejor estado físico y mental. Los cambios ocurridos en la institución familiar en muchas sociedades y la discriminación por edad de los mayores, tienen consecuencias graves para la salud, el bienestar y los derechos humanos de los ancianos. Se considera que existe mucha información sobre el "diagnóstico" y el "pronóstico" del envejecimiento poblacional, pero hay menos acerca de acciones eficaces para su "tratamiento", aspecto complejo y difícil de enfrentar. Se exponen algunas propuestas de mitigación de estos inevitables cambios demográficos. El propósito de esta comunicación es comentar determinados aspectos del envejecimiento de la población cubana.
Population aging constitutes one of the achievements and one of the most important challenges in the development of societies. The main cause of aging is the decrease in the fertility of women and to a lesser extent external emigration, especially of young people. In Cuba, more people die than are born, mainly due to low replacement levels in fertility, a situation aggravated in the years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the negative consequences of population aging, four main ones are identified: health, economic, sociocultural and legal; among the positive ones, there are some reports of cohorts of people who reach advanced ages in better physical and mental condition. The changes that have occurred in the family institution in many societies and the age discrimination of the elderly have serious consequences for the health, well-being and human rights of the elderly. It is considered that there is a lot of information about the "diagnosis" and "prognosis" of population aging, but there is less about effective actions for its "treatment", a complex and difficult aspect to face. Some proposals are presented to mitigate these inevitable demographic changes. The purpose of this communication is to comment on certain aspects of the aging of the Cuban population.
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RESUMEN La mortalidad causada por COVID-19 en México se ha situado entre las más altas del mundo, por lo que es de interés epidemiológico estudiar su impacto respecto a la esperanza de vida (EV). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la esperanza de vida, comparando datos de 2019 y 2020, y evaluando su efecto por densidad poblacional de los municipios de los estados del noreste de México. La información sobre mortalidad para 2019 y 2020 se obtuvo de la Secretaría de Salud, y la demográfica del Consejo Nacional de Población. Se construyeron tablas de vida mediante el método actuarial estándar; se calcularon percentiles ≤ 25 y ≥ 75 de la diferencia en la EV; se evaluó la relación entre el tamaño de la población de los municipios y la magnitud de la diferencia en la pérdida de años en la EV. La pandemia por COVID-19 impactó en la EV en los estados del noreste de México, con gran heterogeneidad al interior en cada uno de ellos. La pérdida en años en promedio fue, para Coahuila de 5.4, Nuevo León 4.1 y Tamaulipas 4.9. Los municipios del percentil ≥ 75 mostraron una pérdida promedio de 9.2 años y los del percentil ≤ 25 de -0.35 años. La diferencia en la pérdida en años de EV, entre 2019 y 2020, se vio influenciada por el tamaño de la población, tendiendo a ser mayor en aquellos con mayor densidad demográfica, sin ser el único factor determinante.
ABSTRACT COVID-19 mortality in Mexico is among the highest in the world. Therefore, it is of epidemiologic interest to study its impact on life expectancy. The aim of the present paper was to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy through a comparison of data from 2019 and 2020. Specifically, the effect of population density in municipalities of Northeastern Mexican states. Information regarding 2019 and 2020 mortality rates for was obtained from the Ministry of Health, and demographics from the National Population Council. Life tables were constructed using the standard actuarial method. Percentiles ≤ 25 and ≥ 75 of the difference in life expectancy in the period were calculated. The relationship between the size of the population of the municipalities and the magnitude of the difference in life expectancy loss of years was evaluated. COVID-19 pandemic impacted on life expectancy with great heterogeneity in each of the northeastern states of Mexico. The loss in years in average life expectancy was 5.4 for Coahuila, 4.1 for Nuevo Leon and 4.9 for Tamaulipas. Municipalities above the ≥ 75th percentile showed an average loss of 9.2 years. Those in the lower than ≤ 25th percentile showed a decrease, of -0.35 years. The difference in the loss of life expectancy during 2019 and 2020 was influenced by population size, tending to be greater in those municipalities with higher population density, but was not the only determining factor.
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Resumen Antecedentes: La esperanza de vida es un indicador relacionado con condiciones médicas, demográficas, sociales y geográficas. Objetivos: Analizar el efecto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la esperanza de vida y de su distribución según variables sociodemográficas en municipios de México. Material y métodos: Se recabó información sobre mortalidad de la Secretaría de Salud, así como información demográfica del Censo de Población y Vivienda de 2020. La esperanza de vida se calculó conforme el método actuarial estándar. Se realizó análisis de riesgo entre la pérdida de la esperanza de vida en años y el tamaño de la población, población económicamente activa, años de escolaridad y población de habla indígena. Resultados: En 2020 se registró una caída promedio de 4.7 años en la esperanza de vida a nivel nacional, pero su distribución fue heterogénea en los municipios, con valores extremos de −2.8 años y 12.6 años. El análisis de riesgo mostró una relación inversa entre las variables sociodemográficas y la pérdida de años de esperanza de vida, con excepción de la población de habla indígena. Conclusiones: El impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la esperanza de vida en México fue significativo, matizado por las variables sociodemográficas analizadas, particularmente por el tamaño de la población de los municipios.
Abstract Background: Life expectancy (LE) is an indicator related to medical, demographic, social and geographic conditions. Objectives: To analyze the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on LE and of its distribution according to sociodemographic variables in municipalities of Mexico. Methods: Information on mortality was collected from data published by the Ministry of Health, and demographic information from the 2020 Population and Housing Census. LE was calculated according to the standard actuarial method. A risk analysis was carried out between expected years of life lost and the size of the population, economically active population, years of education and indigenous-speaking population. Results: In 2020, there was a nation-wide average drop of 4.7 years in LE, but its distribution was heterogeneous at the municipal level, with extreme values of -2.8 years and 12.6 years. The risk analysis showed an inverse relationship between sociodemographic variables and expected years of life lost, except for the indigenous-speaking population. Conclusions: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on LE in Mexico was significant, and was influenced by the analyzed sociodemographic variables, particularly by the municipalities' population size.
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Objetivo: Estimar los años potenciales de vida perdidos y la distribución espacial de la mortalidad por incidente vial según modo de transporte en Medellín 2010-2020, como línea base para la implementación de la estrategia Visión Cero, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en la movilidad de la ciudad. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de corte transversal, con fuente secundaria. El cálculo de los años potenciales de vida perdidos se hizo tomando como edad límite la esperanza de vida al nacer de Colombia, según año y género. El análisis espacial se realizó a partir de la dirección del incidente; la representación de la densidad de Kernel fue por el método de clasificación estándar-cuantil, y las zonas de influencia se crearon por el método búfer de anillos múltiples, con distancias de 500 y 1000 metros. Resultados: Medellín, entre 2010 y 2020, registró 2988 muertes por incidente vial. Quienes más murieron fueron los peatones, con 1423 (47,6 %) muertes, seguidos por los motociclistas, con 1295 (43,3 %). Los años potenciales de vida perdidos fueron 98 787. Las comunas de mayor concentración en muerte de peatones fueron: Candelaria, Buenos Aires y Manrique; en motociclistas, la mayor concentración se evidenció en el sistema vial del río. Por zonas de influencia, los peatones fallecidos en un radio de 1000 metros del sistema vial del río fueron 688 (49,8 %), y los motociclistas, 636 (52,2 %). Conclusión: Los motociclistas fueron quienes murieron más jóvenes y más años dejaron de vivir. Politraumatismos son diagnósticos constantes de muerte, pero lesiones en cabeza, cráneo y tórax son más letales en peatones y motociclistas.
Objective: To estimate the potential years of life lost and the spatial distribution of mortality from road incidents by mode of transport in Medellín 2010-2020, as a baseline for the implementation of the Vision Zero strategy of the World Health Organization in the city's mobility. Methodology: This is a retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional study, with a secondary source. The calculation of the potential years of life lost was made using the life expectancy at birth in Colombia as the age limit, according to year and gender. The spatial analysis was carried out from the direction of the incident; Kernel density was represented by the standard-quantile classification method, and the zones of influence were created by the multiple ring buffer method, with distances of 500 and 1000 meters. Results: Between 2010 and 2020, Medellín registered 2,988 deaths due to road incidents. Those who died the most were pedestrians, with 1,423 (47.6%) deaths, followed by motorcyclists, with 1,295 (43.3%). Potential years of life lost were 98,787. The zones (comunas) with the highest concentration of pedestrian deaths were: Candelaria, Buenos Aires and Manrique; in motorcyclists, the highest concentration was evidenced in the river road system. By areas of influence, pedestrians killed within a radius of 1,000 meters from the river road system were 688 (49.8%), and motorcyclists, 636 (52.2%). Conclusion: Motorcyclists were the ones who died the youngest and the most years they stopped living. Polytrauma is a constant diagnosis of death, but injuries to the head, skull and thorax are more lethal in pedestrians and motorcyclists.
Objetivo: Estimar os anos potenciais de vida perdidos e a distribuição espacial da mortalidade por incidente de trânsito segundo o modo de transporte em Medellín 2010-2020, como linha base para a implementação da estratégia Visão Zero, da Organização Mundial da Saúde, na mobilidade da cidade. Metodologia: Estudo retrospectivo e descritivo de corte transversal, com fonte secundária. O cálculo dos anos potenciais de vida perdidos foi feito considerando como idade limite a esperança de vida ao nascer da Colômbia, segundo ano e gênero. A análise espacial realizou-se a partir do local do incidente; a representação da densidade de Kernel foi pelo método de classificação padrão-quantil, e as zonas de influência criaram-se pelo método buffer de anéis múltiplos, com distâncias de 500 e 1000 metros. Resultados: Medellín, entre 2010 e 2020, registrou 2988 mortes por incidente de trânsito. O maior número de mortes foi de pedestres, sendo 1423 (47,6%), seguido pelo de motoqueiros, sendo 1295 (43,3%). Os anos potenciais de vida perdidos foram 98.787. As localidades com maior concentração de mortes de pedestres foram: Candelaria, Buenos Aires e Manrique; no caso dos motoqueiros, a maior concentração evidenciou-se no sistema viário do rio. Por zonas de influência, os pedestres falecidos em um raio de 1000 metros do sistema viário do rio foram 688 (49,8%), e os motoqueiros 636 (52,2%). Conclusão: Os motoqueiros foram quem morreram mais novos e mais anos deixaram de viver. Politraumatismos são diagnósticos constantes de morte, mas lesões na cabeça, no crâneo e no tórax são mais letais em pedestres e motoqueiros.
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@#Objective To understand the prevalence of smoking and drinking among residents ≥ 30 years old in Chengdu, and to investigate the death attributable to smoking and drinking and its effect on life expectancy. Methods The data sources were data of the causes of death of residents in the 2018 Sichuan Health Statistical Yearbook, the health survey data of Chengdu residents in the natural population cohort in southwest China, and the data of smoking and drinking related diseases and their relative risk in the global disease burden of the World Health Organization. The counterfactual attribution method was used to calculate the number of attributable deaths and life expectancy loss caused by smoking and drinking. Results The life expectancy of 30-year-old residents in Chengdu was 53.91 years (51.52 years for males and 56.48 years for females). The total number of deaths attributed to smoking was 14 370, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4 926), lung cancer (4 234), and esophageal cancer (1 578) ranking the top three. The total number of deaths attributed to drinking was 2 185, among which cerebrovascular disease, esophageal cancer, and liver cirrhosis were the three leading causes of death attributable to drinking. The loss of life expectancy caused by smoking was 2.03 years (3.47 years for males and 0.39 years for females), and the loss caused by drinking was 0.28 years (0.48 years for males and 0.04 years for females). Conclusion Smoking and drinking cause a great loss of life expectancy of Chengdu residents and impose a huge disease burden on the death from respiratory system, digestive system, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Objective To analyze the mortality characteristics and trends and the cause-eliminated life expectancy of gastric cancer in Harbin City from 1987 to 2019. Methods Mortality data of residents with gastric cancer from 1987 to 2019 in Harbin was analyzed to describe the mortality characteristics and trends of gastric cancer. Abridged life table and cause-eliminated life table were applied to calculate life expectancy and cause-eliminated life expectancy. Average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated with Joinpoint 4.2 software to evaluate the trends of mortality and cause-eliminated life expectancy of gastric cancer. Results From 1987 to 2019, the crude mortality, ASMRC and ASMRW and the truncated rate (35-64) were 14.3/105, 10.9/105, 10.9/105, and 13.5/105, respectively. The ASMRC showed an obvious decreasing trend at an average annual rate of 2.9% from 1987 to 2019 (95%CI: -4.4%--1.4%). Significant decreasing trends were observed for males (AAPC=-3.0%, 95%CI: -4.4%--1.7%) and females (AAPC=-3.1%, 95%CI: -5.3%--0.9%). An obvious decreasing trend in the ASMRW was also observed. The truncated rate (35-64) showed a downward trend (AAPC=-2.8%, 95%CI: -3.1%--2.5%). The average life expectancy of residents from 1987 to 2019 in Harbin were 76.78 years (male: 74.41 years, female: 79.33 years). After eliminating the causes of death of gastric cancer, the life expectancy increased by 0.25 years (male: 0.31 years, female: 0.18 years). Significant decreasing trends were found in the proportion of gastric cancer in all malignant cancer cases (AAPC=-0.18%, 95%CI: -2.0%--1.7%). Conclusion The mortality of gastric cancer decreases gradually from 1987 to 2019 in Harbin. After eliminating the causes of death of gastric cancer, the life expectancy increases by 0.25 years. Therefore, prevention and control should be strengthened.
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RESUMO Objetivo analisar a prevalência da perda auditiva autorreferida em relação à idade, sexo e regiões do Brasil e estimar a expectativa de vida com perda auditiva no Brasil, ao nascer e aos 60 anos, em ambos os sexos. Métodos foi utilizado o Método de Sullivan, combinando a tábua de vida e as prevalências de perdas auditivas no período, assim como a adoção de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e Tábuas de Vida Completas, por sexo, publicadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Resultados no Brasil, em 2013, a prevalência da perda auditiva aumentou gradativamente a partir dos 60 anos de idade, em ambos os sexos, sendo o masculino o mais afetado pela deficiência auditiva. A expectativa de vida ao nascer era de 71 anos e 2 meses para os homens e de 78 anos e 6 meses para as mulheres. Destes anos de vida, 3,4% (para homens) e 2,8% (para mulheres) eram com perda auditiva. Já aos 60 anos, essa diferença permanece, com expectativa de mais 19,9 anos para os homens e 21,7 anos para as mulheres. Nessa faixa etária, os homens apresentavam taxa de 2,2 anos (11,3%) com perdas auditivas, enquanto, para as mulheres, a taxa era 2,1 anos (9,7%). Conclusão no Brasil, com base nos dados de 2013, observou-se um aumento gradativo da prevalência de perda auditiva a partir dos 60 anos de idade para ambos os sexos. As mulheres apresentam maior expectativa de vida, maior expectativa de vida livre de perdas auditivas e vivem menor parcela de suas vidas com perdas auditivas, quando comparadas aos homens, independentemente da idade. A avaliação da expectativa de vida com perdas auditivas ao nascer e aos 60 anos pode auxiliar na compreensão das necessidades da população, o que permite o melhor planejamento de políticas públicas relacionadas à saúde auditiva dos indivíduos.
ABSTRACT Purpose to analyze the prevalence of self-reported hearing loss in relation to age, gender and regions of Brazil and to estimate life expectancy with hearing loss in Brazil, at birth and at age 60, for both sexes. Methods the Sullivan method was used, combining the life table and the prevalence of hearing loss in the period, as well as the adoption of data from the 2013 National Health Survey and Complete Life Tables, by sex, published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Results in Brazil, in 2013, the prevalence of hearing loss gradually increased from the age of 60, in both genders, with males being more affected by hearing loss. Life expectancy at birth was 71.2 years for men and 78.5 years for women. Of these years of life, 3.4% (for men) and 2.8% (for women) were with hearing loss. At age 60, this difference remains, with an expectation of another 19.9 years for men and 21.7 years for women. In this age group, men had a rate of 2.2 years (11.3%) with hearing loss, while for women the rate was 2.1 years (9.7%). Conclusion in Brazil, based on data from 2013, there was a gradual increase in the prevalence of hearing loss from the age of 60 for both genders. Women had higher life expectancy, greater life expectancy free of hearing loss and live a smaller portion of their lives with hearing loss than men, regardless of age. The assessment of life expectancy with hearing loss at birth and at age 60 can help to understand the needs of the population, which allows for better planning of public policies related to the hearing health of individuals.
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Humans , Male , Female , Health Surveys , Life Expectancy , Age and Sex Distribution , Hearing Loss/epidemiology , Unified Health System , Brazil/epidemiology , Life Tables , Health PolicyABSTRACT
Introducción: El cáncer colorrectal es un problema de salud creciente en el mundo, el aumento en la expectativa de vida de las poblaciones, el continuo mejoramiento de las técnicas de tamizaje y la búsqueda activa de casos, son las razones por las cuales cada año se informa un aumento en el número global de casos diagnosticados con cáncer. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes operados de cáncer colorrectal tratados con quimioterapia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal, en pacientes atendidos en la consulta multidisciplinaria de cáncer colorrectal. El universo lo conformaron todos los pacientes que acudieron a consulta en ese período, la muestra a criterio de los autores la conformaron 55 pacientes tratados con quimioterapia adyuvantes por cáncer colorrectal. La fuente primaria de la investigación estuvo dada por la historia clínica. Resultados: En cuanto a la relación sexo y edad, se observó una mayor frecuencia del grupo de 70-79 años y en el sexo femenino. Según la localización topográfica existió predominio en colon sigmoides con 33 pacientes para un 60 % de la muestra estudiada. La variante histológica adenocarcinoma moderadamente diferenciado fue la de mayor presentación. Predominaron los pacientes en estadio IIIa de la enfermedad. El esquema de quimioterapia usado con mayor frecuencia fue el Folfox. Conclusiones: En la muestra, la mayoría de los pacientes estuvieron incluidos en el grupo etáreo entre 70-79 años de edad. La localización topográfica más frecuente fue el colon sigmoide y el tipo histológico, el adenocarcinoma moderadamente diferenciado. Predominaron los pacientes en el estadio IIIa y el tratamiento con quimioterapia adyuvante más utilizado fue el esquema de Folfox.
Introduction: Colorectal cancer is a growing health problem in the world, the increase in the life expectancy of populations, the continuous improvement of screening techniques and the active search for cases, are the reasons why an increase in the global number of cases diagnosed with cancer is reported each year. Objective: To characterize the patients operated on for colorectal cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in patients seen at the multidisciplinary colorectal cancer clinic. The universe was made up of all the patients who attended the consultation in that period, the sample at the authors' criteria was made up of 55 patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. The primary source of the investigation was given by the clinical history. Results: Regarding the relationship between sex and age, a higher frequency was observed in the group of 70-79 years and in the female sex. Regarding the topographic location, there was a predominance in the sigmoid colon with 33 patients for 60% of the sample studied. The moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma histological variant was the one with the highest presentation. Patients in stage IIIa of the disease were more frequent. The most frequently used chemotherapy regimen was Folfox. Conclusions: In the sample, most of the patients were included in the age group between 70-79 years of age. The most frequent topographic location was the sigmoid colon and the histological type was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Patients in stage IIIa predominated and the most widely used adjuvant chemotherapy treatment was the Folfox regimen.
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RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar el efecto del gasto público y privado en salud sobre los resultados en salud en los países de América Latina y el Caribe durante el periodo 2000-2019. Métodos. Se emplea una función de producción de la salud, donde se consideró a la esperanza de vida al nacer y la tasa de mortalidad infantil como indicadores del resultado en salud. Con datos para una muestra de 33 países para el periodo 2000-2019, se aplicó la técnica econométrica de datos panel. Resultados. Según las estimaciones, un incremento del 1% en el gasto público en salud está asociado a un aumento del 0,019% de la esperanza de vida. Del mismo modo, un incremento del 1% del gasto privado en salud aumenta en 0,023% la esperanza de vida. Para el caso del segundo resultado en salud, un incremento del 1% en el gasto público en salud reduce en -0,168% la tasa de mortalidad infantil. Sin embargo, el efecto del gasto privado en salud sobre la mortalidad infantil no es estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones. Los resultados brindan evidencia del efecto del gasto público en salud para reducir la mortalidad infantil e incrementar la esperanza de vida, mientras que el gasto privado en salud presenta un efecto positivo solo sobre este último. Los hallazgos tienen importantes implicancias políticas para los países de la región ante un escenario postpandemia de limitado espacio fiscal.
ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the effect of public and private health expenditure on health outcomes in Latin American and Caribbean countries from 2000 to 2019. Methods. A health production function was used, wherein life expectancy at birth and infant mortality rate were considered as indicators of health outcomes. Panel data econometrics were applied, using data from a 33-country sample for the period from 2000 to 2019. Results. According to estimates, a 1% increase in public health expenditure is associated with a 0.019% increase in life expectancy, and a 1% increase in private health expenditure increases life expectancy by 0.023%. At the same time, a 1% increase in public health expenditure reduces the infant mortality rate by -0.168%, whereas the effect of private health expenditure on infant mortality is not statistically significant. Conclusions. The results provide evidence of the effect of public health expenditure in reducing infant mortality and increasing life expectancy, while private health expenditure has a positive effect only on the latter metric. The findings have important political implications for the countries of the Region in the post-pandemic context of limited fiscal space.
RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar os efeitos dos gastos públicos e privados em saúde sobre os resultados de saúde nos países da América Latina e do Caribe no período de 2000 a 2019. Métodos. Utilizamos uma função de produção da saúde, na qual a expectativa de vida ao nascer e a taxa de mortalidade infantil foram consideradas como indicadores dos resultados de saúde. Usando dados de uma amostra de 33 países no período de 2000 a 2019, aplicamos a técnica econométrica de dados em painel. Resultados. De acordo com as estimativas, um aumento de 1% nos gastos públicos em saúde está associado a um aumento de 0,019% na expectativa de vida. Da mesma forma, um aumento de 1% nos gastos privados em saúde resulta em um aumento de 0,023% na expectativa de vida. No que diz respeito ao segundo indicador, um aumento de 1% nos gastos públicos em saúde reduz a taxa de mortalidade infantil em -0,168%. Por outro lado, o efeito dos gastos privados em saúde sobre a mortalidade infantil não é estatisticamente significativo. Conclusões. Os resultados geram evidências sobre os efeitos dos gastos públicos em saúde na redução da mortalidade infantil e no aumento da expectativa de vida, enquanto que os gastos privados em saúde têm um efeito positivo apenas na expectativa de vida. Estes resultados têm implicações políticas importantes para os países da região, diante de um cenário pós-pandemia com espaço fiscal limitado.
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RESUMEN El objetivo es analizar el efecto de los homicidios múltiples sobre la esperanza de vida para la población masculina y femenina y ofrecer algunas evidencias empíricas sobre la correspondencia temporal y espacial entre las tasas de homicidio de hombres y mujeres, según grupo de edad, durante el periodo 2002-2020. A partir de datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) y de las proyecciones de población del Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO), se estimaron las tasas de mortalidad por homicidios en hombres y mujeres entre 2002 y 2020, se analizó la adyacencia de homicidios de hombres y mujeres, la relación espacial entre homicidios múltiples de hombres y mujeres y los cambios en la esperanza de vida debida a homicidios. Los homicidios unipersonales han provocado la mayor pérdida de esperanza de vida de hombres y mujeres. El efecto negativo sobre la esperanza de vida femenina y masculina debida a homicidios múltiples comienza a ser visible a partir de 2008. La exploración de los homicidios de mujeres adyacentes al homicidio de uno o más hombres plantea la inquietud de si estos crímenes son un resultado preponderante de la violencia delincuencial y en menor medida por razones de género.
ABSTRACT The objective is to analyze the effect of multiple homicides on male and female life expectancy and to provide empirical evidence of the temporal and spatial associations between male and female homicide rates by age group during the period 2002-2020. Using data from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) and population projections from the National Population Council (CONAPO), mortality rates due to homicide from 2002-2020 were estimated for both men and women, and the adjacency of homicides of men and women was analyzed, along with the spatial proximity between multiple homicides of men and women, along with changes in life expectancy due to homicide. Individual homicides have caused the greatest decrease in life expectancy for both men and women. The negative impact of multiple homicides on both female and male life expectancy began to draw attention in 2008. By analyzing the murders of women adjacent to the homicides of one or more men questions are raised about whether these crimes are primarily the result of criminal violence, and to a lesser extent the role of gender.
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Fundamento el cálculo de la esperanza de vida al nacer y a diferentes edades adquiere cierta relevancia en contextos socio-demográficos como el cubano, donde el alargamiento de la sobrevivencia es una de las características fundamentales de las dinámicas demográficas. Objetivo presentar tablas abreviadas de mortalidad estimada para la provincia de Cienfuegos. Métodos estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, que tuvo como universo a toda la población media de Cienfuegos en los años 2015 y 2018, así como las defunciones ocurridas desde el año 2014 hasta 2019. Se analizaron las variables: mortalidad (esperanza de vida) y tasa de mortalidad infantil. Los datos fueron obtenidos de las interfaces y anuarios estadísticos de la Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas e Información. Resultados se estimó que la esperanza de vida al nacer en los períodos 2014-2016 y 2017-2019, independientemente del sexo, sobrepasó los 76 años, con 76,50 y 76,32 años respectivamente para hombres; y 81,66 y 81,15 años para mujeres. La mortalidad infantil osciló entre 1,78 y 4,59 defunciones por cada mil nacidos vivos. Conclusión según el procedimiento demográfico utilizado, la capacidad de supervivencia de las mujeres cienfuegueras tiende a aumentar en relación al período 2011-2013, mientras que los hombres experimentan una disminución de esta, lo cual evidencia un ligero aumento de la ventaja femenina de diferencial de esperanza de vida al nacer con relación a los hombres.
Background the calculation of life expectancy at birth and at different ages acquires certain relevance in socio-demographic contexts such as the Cuban one, where the lengthening of survival is one of the fundamental characteristics of demographic dynamics. Objective to present shorten tables of estimated mortality for the Cienfuegos province. Methods retrospective descriptive study, which had as its universe the Cienfuegos entire average population in 2015 and 2018, as well as the deaths that occurred from 2014 to 2019. The analyzed variables were: mortality (life expectancy) and rate of Child mortality. The data was obtained from the interfaces and statistical yearbooks of the National Office of Statistics and Information. Results it was estimated that life expectancy at birth 2014-2016 and 2017-2019, regardless of sex, exceeded 76 years, with 76.50 and 76.32 years respectively for men; and 81.66 and 81.15 years for women. Infant mortality ranged between 1.78 and 4.59 deaths per thousand live births. Conclusion according to the demographic procedure used, the survival capacity of women from Cienfuegos tends to increase in relation to the period 2011-2013, while men experience a decrease in this, which shows a slight increase in the female advantage of differential of survival life expectancy at birth relative to men.
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Fundamento: un análisis de la tendencia al cambio en la mortalidad del cáncer de labio, cavidad bucal y faringe y la cuantificación del impacto sobre la esperanza de vida en la población cubana puede ayudar a los investigadores y a los responsables de la formulación de políticas de Salud Pública a tener una visión integral de este problema. Objetivo: estimar la carga por mortalidad de cáncer de labio, cavidad bucal y faringe, por sexo, en Cuba en el período comprendido de 2005- 2020. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal en el que se utilizaron series de datos quinquenales. El universo estuvo conformado por todas las muertes por cáncer de labio, cavidad bucal y faringe para los años estudiados. Se utilizó, para cada año y causas, el número de defunciones, se calcularon tasas por 100 000 habitantes y los años de vida potencialmente perdidos por mortalidad. Se calculó, el promedio y se estimó del cambio porcentual anual. Resultados: las tasas de mortalidad fueron entre 7,62 y 12,23 en hombres y 2,60 y 3,74 en mujeres, por 100 000 habitantes. En cuanto a los años de vida dejados de vivir temparanamente, por cáncer de labio, cavidad bucal y faringe se observó que en hombres las tasas asciendieron de 131 en el 2005 a 169 en el 2020 y de 40 a 52 en las mujeres. Concluciones: la carga por cáncer de labio, cavidad bucal y faringe en Cuba ha aumentado, fue superior en hombres, la tendencia es creciente en ambos sexos, por cáncer nasofaríngeo tanto hombres como mujeres fallecieron a edades más tempranas que, por otras localizaciones estudiadas, el cambio porcentual fue superior por cáncer faríngeo.
Background: an analysis of the trend of change in the mortality of cancer of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx and the quantification of the impact on life expectancy in the Cuban population can help researchers and those responsible for formulating health policies. Public to have a comprehensive view of this problem. Objective: to estimate the mortality burden of cancer of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx, by sex, in Cuba in the period 2005-2020. Method: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in which five-year data series were used. The universe was made up of all deaths from cancer of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx for the years studied. For each year and causes, the number of deaths was used; rates per 100,000 inhabitants and the years of life potentially lost due to mortality were calculated. The average was calculated and the annual percentage change was estimated. Results: mortality rates were between 7.62 and 12.23 in men and 2.60 and 3.74 in women, per 100,000 inhabitants. Regarding the years of life lost early, due to cancer of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx, it was observed that in men the rates rose from 131 in 2005 to 169 in 2020 and from 40 to 52 in women. Conclusions: the burden of cancer of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx in Cuba has increased, it was higher in men, the trend is growing in both sexes, both men and women died at younger ages due to nasopharyngeal cancer than, due to other locations studied, the percentage change was higher for pharyngeal cancer.
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Uma das ferramentas para avaliar as condições de saúde da população é a expectativa de vida saudável. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a expectativa de vida saudável em idosos e adultos mais velhos da Bahia e grande região Nordeste. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual foram empregados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. Como proxy de saúde, utilizaram-se as prevalências de autopercepção do estado de saúde, desagregadas por sexo, para o estado da Bahia e região Nordeste, além de tábuas de mortalidade completas para o mesmo ano e localidades, desagregadas por sexo. Para a construção dos indicadores de expectativa de vida saudável foi utilizado o método de Sullivan. As estimativas de expectativa de vida saudável mostraram que, quanto mais velhos, menos se vive em termos absolutos e proporcionalmente com boa saúde, uma relação direta com a idade. As mulheres tendem a viver mais e com menos saúde, no entanto, as estimativas não foram estatisticamente significativas na perspectiva de gênero. Propiciar melhor saúde e vida para indivíduos idosos deve ser um dos principais objetivos das ações governamentais deste século, haja vista o acelerado processo de envelhecimento da população e o aumento da longevidade, tendo em mente uma perspectiva de ação durante todo o curso de vida, não se limitando às fases mais avançadas da vida.
One of the tools used to assess what is observed in terms of the population's health conditions is healthy life expectancy. The aim of this study was to estimate the healthy life expectancy in older and elderly adults in Bahia and the Greater Northeast Region. This is a cross-sectional study, in which data from the 2019 National Health Survey were used. As a health proxy, the prevalence of self-perception of health status, disaggregated by sex, for the state of Bahia and the Northeast region, and complete tables of mortality for the same year and locations, disaggregated by sex. For the construction of healthy life expectancy indicators, the Sullivan method was used. Estimates of healthy life expectancy showed that, the older you are, the less you live in absolute terms and proportionately in good health, a direct relationship with age. Women tend to live longer and in poorer health, however, the estimates were not statistically significant from a gender perspective. Providing better health and life for elderly individuals should be one of the main objectives of governmental actions in this century, given the accelerated process of population aging and increased longevity, bearing in mind a perspective of action throughout the life course, not limited to the more advanced stages of life.
Una de las herramientas utilizadas para evaluar las condiciones de salud de la población es la esperanza de vida saludable. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la esperanza de vida saludable en adultos mayores y ancianos en Bahía y la región del gran Nordeste (Brasil). Se trata de un estudio transversal en el que se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019. Como proxy de salud, se utilizaron la prevalencia de autopercepción del estado de salud, desagregada por sexo, para el estado de Bahía y la región Nordeste, y tablas de mortalidad para el mismo año y localidades, desagregada por sexo. Para la construcción de indicadores de esperanza de vida saludable se aplicó el método de Sullivan. Las estimaciones de esperanza de vida saludable mostraron que cuanto mayor es la edad, menos se vive en términos absolutos y proporcionalmente con buena salud, una relación directa con la edad. Las mujeres tienden a vivir más y con peor salud, sin embargo, las estimaciones no fueron estadísticamente significativas desde una perspectiva de género. Brindar una mejor salud y vida a las personas adultas mayores debe ser uno de los principales objetivos de las acciones gubernamentales en este siglo, dado el acelerado proceso de envejecimiento poblacional y el aumento de la longevidad, teniendo en cuenta una perspectiva de acción a lo largo del curso de la vida, no limitada a las etapas más avanzadas.
Subject(s)
Health of the ElderlyABSTRACT
Resumen Como consecuencia directa o indirecta de la pandemia de COVID-19, junto con otros problemas de salud pública preexistentes, México se ha posicionado como uno de los países más afectados en cuanto al exceso de mortalidad, la cual está prácticamente generalizada, pero es heterogénea según el estado. Por ello, se tiene por objetivo cuantificarla a nivel nacional y estatal por medio del porcentaje de exceso de mortalidad (% 𝐸𝑀) y de diferencias en esperanzas de vida (𝐸𝑀𝑒𝑥 ) por sexo. En particular, para 𝐸𝑀𝑒𝑥 , se construyeron tablas de mortalidad con tasas específicas que se suavizan de manera controlada y por segmentos, con un enfoque no paramétrico. Los resultados mostraron una demasía en la población masculina y en algunos estados del país. Asimismo, respecto a 𝐸𝑀𝑒𝑥 , se evidenciaron fuertes retrocesos en la esperanza de vida en ciertos casos, incluida la capital del país: la Ciudad de México.
Abstract As a direct or indirect consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, joint other punlic health problems, Mexico is one of the most affected countries in terms of excess mortality, which is generalized and heterogeneous at the state level. That is why, the papers aim is to quantify it at national and subnational level both through the percentage of excess mortality (% 𝐸𝑀) and using differences in life expectancies (𝐸𝑀𝑒𝑥 ) by sex. For (𝐸𝑀𝑒𝑥 ), mortality tables are constructed with specific rates that are estimated through a non-parametric approach so-called controlled and segmented smoothing. The results show the greatest excesses in male population and for some states of the country. Likewise, regarding 𝐸𝑀𝑒𝑥 , strong setbacks in life expectancy can be observed including the Mexico City.
Subject(s)
Mortality/trends , COVID-19 , MexicoABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: analizamos los vínculos entre trabajo y salud a partir de las experiencias laborales de varones adultos que residen en un barrio de clase popular del conurbano de Buenos Aires. Específicamente, examinamos cómo la precariedad laboral afecta su salud psicofísica, dadas las condiciones de trabajo que los exponen a diversos riesgos y privaciones en detrimento de la calidad de vida y el cuidado de la salud. Metodología: los datos provienen de entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a varones adultos como parte de un estudio mayor sobre cuidado de la salud con residentes del barrio. Resultados: la precariedad laboral afecta la salud de los entrevistados de diversas formas. Algunos de ellos han estado expuestos a riesgos físicos y psicosociales por la naturaleza de su trabajo. Se destacan, asimismo, las consecuencias negativas de dicho ambiente sobre la calidad de vida y las posibilidades de cuidado por fuera de la esfera laboral, esto limita las posibilidades de proyectar a futuro, organizar la vida diaria y desarrollar prácticas de autocuidado. Conclusiones: se enfatiza la importancia de considerar la precariedad laboral como un determinante social de la salud, en tanto constituye un factor multidimensional que permite entender sus consecuencias en el bienestar de los varones de clase popular. Además, a lo largo del curso de vida se hacen más evidentes sus efectos nocivos, en parte, por la presencia de problemas de salud crónicos, pero también por las desventajas acumuladas en esas trayectorias vulnerables.
Abstract Introduction: We analyze the relation between work and health drawing on the labor experiences of adult men who reside in a working-class neighborhood located in the periphery of Buenos Aires City. More specifically, we analyze how precarious jobs impact on their psychophysical health through work conditions that expose them to diverse risks and deprivations for quality of life and health care. Methodology:Data come from qualitative, in-depth, interviews that we conducted with adult men as part of a larger study on health care with residents of the neighborhood. Results: Precarious jobs affect health in various ways. Some of the interviewees have been exposed to physical and psychosocial risks due to the work conditions and environment in the workplace. The negative consequences that precarious jobs have for quality of life are also salient, by limiting their capability to plan ahead, organize everyday life and develop self-care practices. Conclusions: We highlight the importance of considering precarious work as a social determinant of health, since it is a multidimensional trait that helps to analyze its negative consequences on working-class men. We also point to the adverse consequences for health of precarious jobs throughout the life-course, in part, due to age-based chronic conditions but also due to the cumulative disadvantages produced by precarious and vulnerable work trajectories.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Work-Life Balance , Argentina , Employment , Psychological Distress , Social VulnerabilityABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: se busca cuantificar los retornos de la inversión asociados a una intervención en el sistema público de salud de un municipio de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, consistente en el fortalecimiento de la estrategia denominada Eliminación de la Transmisión Maternoinfantil de la Infección por VIH, Sífilis, enfermedad de Chagas Congénita e Infección Perinatal por Hepatitis B (ETMI-PLUS). Metodología: el estudio (cuantitativo) se basa en la metodología de Retorno Social de la Inversión (RSI). Se establecieron definiciones ad-hoc para la medición de los retornos sobre la base de los datos disponibles provenientes de diversas fuentes: información primaria de la Secretaría de Salud del MAB; tasas de transmisión congénita de cada enfermedad notificados al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de Salud; presupuestos detallados de los recursos asignados al proyecto por parte de la Fundación Mundo Sano y costos de tratamientos e insumos de nomencladores oficiales. Resultados: por cada peso invertido para reforzar la ETMI-PLUS en el MAB, se obtuvo un retorno de casi 4 pesos, gracias a las mejoras en la eliminación vertical de las cuatro enfermedades y al descenso de las complicaciones cardiacas en las mujeres embarazadas diagnosticadas con chagas y tratadas oportunamente. Conclusiones: estos resultados sugieren la existencia de una relación retorno-inversión favorable, analizada bajo una perspectiva conservadora, ya que, se incluyen exclusivamente los ahorros para el sistema de salud y se excluyen otras dimensiones de los retornos vinculadas con las mejoras en los resultados alcanzados.
Abstract Introduction: we seek to quantify the returns on investment associated with an intervention in the public health system of a Municipality of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. This intervention consists of strengthening the strategy for the Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infection, Syphilis, Congenital Chagas Disease and Perinatal Hepatitis B Infection, a strategy called ETMI-PLUS. Methodology: the study (quantitative) is based on the Social Return on Investment (RSI) methodology. Ad-hoc definitions are established for the measurement of returns based on the information available from various sources: primary information from the Ministry of Health of the MAB; rates of congenital transmission of each disease reported to the National Health Surveillance System; detailed budgets of the resources assigned to the project by Fundación Mundo Sano and costs of treatments and supplies from official nomenclators. Results: for each argentinean peso invested in strengthening the ETMI-PLUS in the MAB, a return of almost 4 pesos would have been obtained thanks to the improvements in the vertical elimination of the 4 diseases and the reduction of cardiac complications in pregnant women.Conclusions: these results suggest the existence of a return / investment relationship favorable to the intervention, analyzed under a conservative analysis since savings for the health system are exclusively included and other dimensions of returns associated with improvements in results are excluded.
Subject(s)
Humans , Syphilis/prevention & control , HIV , Chagas Disease/prevention & control , Hepatitis B/prevention & control , Argentina , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To establish the association between different dimensions of religiosity - organizational, non-organizational and intrinsic - and physical and functional health indicators in older people in Chile. Methods: Data from the Fifth Survey on Quality of Life in Old Age 2019 were used. Descriptive and explanatory analyses were performed using logistic, linear and multinomial regression models, with dependent variables being self-perception of health, functional dependence, number of chronic diseases and perception of health compared with other people of the same age. As predictors, indicators of the three dimensions of religiosity (DUREL Scale) were included, controlling for the MOS-SS Social Support Scale, Apgar Family Functioning Scale, educational level, gender, age, and living with a partner. Results: Almost a third of older Chileans attend religious services frequently, and half of them pray frequently. On a range of 1 to 5, the mean intrinsic religiosity is 3.94. 46% perceive their health to be good/very good and about half perceive their health as better than their peers. On 0 to 5, the mean number of chronic diseases is 1.69. 6% are classified as functionally dependent. The only significant relationship observed was between religious attendance and a lower probability of presenting functional dependency; on the other hand, praying increases such probabilities and a relationship between attendance and a better perception of health compared with other people of the same age. Conclusion: Organisational religiosity is a psychosocial resource that is positively associated with the process of successful aging
Resumen Objetivo: Establecer la asociación entre distintas dimensiones de religiosidad - organizacional, no organizacional e intrínseca- y diversos indicadores de salud física y funcional en personas mayores en Chile. Métodos: Se utilizaron datos de la Quinta Encuesta de Calidad de Vida en la Vejez del 2019. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y explicativos, utilizando modelos de regresión logística, lineal y multinomial, teniendo como variables dependientes autopercepción de salud, dependencia funcional, número de enfermedades crónicas y percepción de la salud en comparación con otras personas de la misma edad. Como predictores se incluyeron indicadores de las tres dimensiones de religiosidad considerada (Escala DUREL), controlando por Escala de Apoyo Social percibido MOS-SS, Escala de Funcionamiento Familiar de Apgar, nivel educativo, género, edad y vivir con una pareja. Resultados: Casi un tercio de los mayores chilenos asiste de manera frecuente a servicios religiosos, y la mitad reza frecuentemente. En un rango de 1 a 5, la media de religiosidad intrínseca es de 3.94. Un 46% se percibe con buena/muy buena salud y cerca de la mitad se percibe con mejor salud que otras personas de la misma edad. En un rango de 0-5, la media de enfermedades crónicas es de 1.69 y un 6% es clasificado como dependiente funcional. Solo se encontró una relación significativa entre asistencia religiosa y una menor probabilidad de presentar dependencia funcional, mientras que por el contrario rezar aumenta dichas probabilidades; además de una relación entre asistencia y mejor percepción de salud en comparación con otras personas de la misma edad. Conclusión: la religiosidad organizacional es un recurso psicosocial que se asocia positivamente con el proceso del envejecimiento exitoso.
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RESUMEN En la actualidad, la población sobrepasa las barreras cronológicas que el hombre ha delimitado como etapa de vejez, y la población adulta mayor está en aumento, por lo tanto, el envejecimiento poblacional se ha convertido en un reto para las sociedades modernas y los gobiernos, a causa de no contar con políticas públicas que garanticen años de vida saludables sobre el crecimiento de la media de esperanza de vida a la que está llegando la población en la actualidad; por lo tanto, es importante caracterizar la expectativa de vida en países de Europa y Suramérica en relación con el inicio de la etapa del adulto mayor, como determinantes de políticas públicas en salud. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional correlacional y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron variables como la media de esperanza de vida, la densidad poblacional, la tasa de mortalidad y el Índice Global de Envejecimiento, se empleó el software estadístico R versión 4.0.3 para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: A partir de los 60 años se inicia la etapa de adulto mayor. La media de esperanza de vida en 6 países de Europa supero los 80 años y en los países suramericanos se encuentra en el rango de los 71,24 a los 80,04 años. Conclusión: Sin diferenciación entre regiones, se observa un crecimiento de la media de esperanza de vida y no fue evidente el diseño de un modelo en políticas públicas de salud que garantice años de vida saludable en la población adulta mayor.
ABSTRACT At present, the population exceeds the chronological barriers that man has defined as a stage of old age, and the older adult population is increasing, therefore, population aging has become a challenge for modern societies and governments, to cause of not having public policies that guarantee healthy years of life on the growth of the average life expectancy to which the population is currently reaching. Therefore, it is important to characterize life expectancy in European and South American countries in relation to the beginning of the older adult stage, as determinants of public health policies. Materials and methods: Correlational and retrospective observational study. Variables such as mean life expectancy, population density, mortality rate and global aging index were included. Statistical software R version 4.0.3 was used for data analysis. Results: From the age of 60, the older adult stage begins. The average life expectancy in 6 European countries exceeded 80 years and in South American countries it is in the range of 71.24 to 80.04 years. Conclusions: Without differentiation between regions, a growth in the average life expectancy is observed and the design of a model in public health policies that guarantees years of healthy life in the elderly population was not evident.